Gamma-Hydroxybutyrate (Ghb)

• Overview
• 用途
• Side Effects
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• 给药

γ羟基丁酸（GHB）是在大脑和人体其他区域发现的一种化学物质。它也可以在实验室中制作。

迷奸可用作为膳食补充剂n the U.S., but it was taken off the market in 1990 because of safety concerns. GHB and two closely related chemicals, gamma butyrolactone (GBL) and butanediol (BD), were linked to 3 deaths and 122 serious side effects. Nevertheless, secret production and sales of GHB continued, often on the Internet. Continued interest in GHB might have been fueled by GHB's reputation as a “date rape” drug. Under the Date-Rape Drug Prohibition Act of 2000, regulation tightened. GHB was classified as a Schedule I controlled substance, like heroin. It is now illegal for Americans to produce, sell, or possess GHB except for medical use. A prescription form of GHB remains available, but the only legal access to this drug is through a physician or other healthcare provider who is licensed to prescribe medications.

迷奸用于减肥,肌肉,和relief of some fibromyalgia symptoms including pain, fatigue, and sleep problems. It is also used as an alternative to the dietary supplement L-tryptophan for promoting relaxation and sleepiness. People who are addicted to alcohol or narcotic drugs sometimes use GHB to help them manage withdrawal symptoms. It is also used to cause sexual arousal.

The prescription form of GHB has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treatment of narcolepsy, a sleep disorder caused by the brain's inability to regulate sleep-wake cycles. People with narcolepsy experience irresistible bouts of daytime sleep. They can also experience muscle control problems, paralysis, and hallucinations. GHB is available under the generic name sodium oxybate and trade nameXyrem(Orphan Medical) for the treatment of paralysis associated with narcolepsy. It is a Schedule III Controlled Substance, which means extra paperwork is necessary when this drug is prescribed, and prescriptions for this drug receive special scrutiny from regulators.

Health care providers use GHB intravenously to numb pain and reduce pressure inside the head after a head injury.

How does it work?

The natural function of GHB in the body might be to slow down brain activity during sleep. Gamma hydroxybutyrate affects several nerve pathways in the brain, including activating the body's pain-killing (opioid) system and raising levels of growth hormone.

Possibly Effective for...

• Treatment of loss of muscle control and weakness associated with a condition called narcolepsy。Taking GHB seems to help people with narcolepsy sleep at night so they are less likely to feel sleepy during the day. GHB also seems to help reduce the temporary paralysis that sometimes goes along with narcolepsy.
• 疼痛，疲劳和睡眠问题与称为纤维肌痛的疾病有关。
• Alcohol dependence and withdrawal。
• Suppressing symptoms of withdrawal from heroin, opium, morphine, and other opiate drugs。

Insufficient Evidence to Rate Effectiveness for...

• Reducing weight。
• Enhancing muscle growth。
• Causing sexual arousal。
• Reducing pressure in the brain caused by head injury。
• Other conditions。

More evidence is needed to rate the effectiveness of GHB for these uses.

Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database rates effectiveness based on scientific evidence according to the following scale: Effective, Likely Effective, Possibly Effective, Possibly Ineffective, Likely Ineffective, and Insufficient Evidence to Rate（每个评分的详细说明）。

The prescription medication gamma hydroxybutyrate (sodium oxybate) isPOSSIBLY SAFEfor adults who are taking it under close medical supervision for symptoms of a condition called narcolepsy.

γ羟基丁酸（GHB）为UNSAFE非法用作饮食补充剂。使用GHB或密切相关的Gamma丁醇（GBL）和丁二醇（BD）的使用与至少三例死亡和122例严重副作用有关。GHB可能会引起许多严重的副作用以及心脏问题，癫痫发作，昏迷和死亡。GHB可能会上瘾。长期使用可能会导致严重的戒断症状，​​需要住院。

GHB also has some major interactions with prescription medications.

Special Precautions & Warnings:

怀孕和母乳喂养：GHB是UNSAFE。如果您怀孕或母乳喂养，请勿使用GHB。它与威胁生命的副作用有关。

Slow heart rate (bradycardia): GHB should be avoided since it can cause bradycardia.

癫痫: GHB might cause seizures in people with epilepsy. Avoid use.

High blood pressure: GHB might raise blood pressure. Avoid use.

Surgery: GHB can affect the central nervous system. There is a concern that it might cause too much sleepiness if it is used along with anesthesia and other nerve-numbing medications used during and after surgery. Stop using GHB at least 2 weeks before a scheduled surgery.

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AlcoholInteraction Rating:缓和与您的健康提供者保持谨慎。

酒精会引起嗜睡和嗜睡。与酒精一起服用GHB可能会大大增加饮酒引起的嗜睡和嗜睡。服用GHB和酒精会导致严重的副作用。如果您一直在喝酒，请不要服用GHB。

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AmphetaminesInteraction Rating:缓和与您的健康提供者保持谨慎。

苯丙胺是可以加快神经系统的药物。GHB可以减慢您的神经系统。与苯丙胺一起服用GHB会导致严重的副作用。

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Haloperidol (霍尔多)Interaction Rating:缓和与您的健康提供者保持谨慎。

GHB会影响大脑。氟哌啶醇（Haldol）也会影响大脑。服用氟哌啶醇（Haldol）以及GHB可能会引起严重的副作用。

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Medications for mental conditions (Antipsychotic drugs)Interaction Rating:缓和与您的健康提供者保持谨慎。

GHB会影响大脑。精神状况的药物也会影响大脑。服用GHB以及用于精神疾病的药物可能会增加GHB的影响和严重副作用。如果您要服用用于精神状况的药物，请勿服用GHB。

Some of these medications include fluphenazine (Permitil,Prolixin), haloperidol (Haldol), chlorpromazine (Thorazine), prochlorperazine (Compazine),thioridazine(Mellaril), trifluoperazine (Stelazine), and others.

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Medications for pain (Narcotic drugs)Interaction Rating:缓和与您的健康提供者保持谨慎。

一些疼痛药物会导致嗜睡和嗜睡。GHB也可能引起嗜睡和嗜睡。服用GHB以及一些疼痛药物可能会导致严重的副作用。如果您要服用药物疼痛，请不要服用GHB。

Some medications for pain include meperidine (Demerol), hydrocodone, morphine,oxycontin, and many others.

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Medications used to prevent seizures (Anticonvulsants)Interaction Rating:缓和与您的健康提供者保持谨慎。

Medications used to prevent seizures affect chemicals in the brain. GHB is changed in the body to one of these brain chemicals called GABA. Taking GHB along with medications used to prevent seizures might decrease the effects of GHB.

Some medications used to prevent seizures includephenobarbital, primidone (Mysoline), valproic acid (Depakene), gabapentin (Neurontin), carbamazepine (Tegretol), phenytoin (Dilantin), and others.

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肌肉放松剂Interaction Rating:缓和与您的健康提供者保持谨慎。

肌肉放松剂can cause drowsiness. GHB can also cause drowsiness. Taking GHB along with muscle relaxants might cause too much drowsiness and serious side effects. Do not take GHB if you are taking muscle relaxants.

Some of these muscle relaxants include carisoprodol (Soma），pipecuronium（arduan），Orphenadrine（Banflex，Disipal），环苯二氮蛋白酶，加法（Flaxedil），Atracurim（Atracurim）（三酸), pancuronium (Pavulon), succinylcholine (Anectine), and others.

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纳洛酮（Narcan)Interaction Rating:缓和与您的健康提供者保持谨慎。

GHB会影响大脑。Taking naloxone (Narcan) along with GHB might decrease the effects of GHB on the brain.

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Ritonavir (Norvir)Interaction Rating:缓和与您的健康提供者保持谨慎。

Ritonavir (Norvir) and saquinavir (Fortovase,Invirase) are commonly used together for HIV/AIDS. Taking both of these medications plus GHB might decrease how quickly the body gets rid of GHB. This could cause serious side effects.

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Saquinavir (Fortovase, Invirase)Interaction Rating:缓和与您的健康提供者保持谨慎。

Saquinavir (Fortovase, Invirase) and ritonavir (Norvir) are commonly used together for HIV/AIDS. Taking both these medications plus GHB might decrease how fast the body gets rid of GHB. This could cause serious side effects.

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Sedative medications (Benzodiazepines)Interaction Rating:缓和与您的健康提供者保持谨慎。

GHB可能会引起嗜睡和嗜睡。引起嗜睡和嗜睡的药物称为镇静剂。服用GHB和镇静剂可能会导致严重的副作用。如果您要服用镇静剂，请不要服用GHB。

Some of these sedative medications include clonazepam (Klonopin),diazepam(Valium), lorazepam (阿蒂万), and others.

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Sedative medications (CNS depressants)Interaction Rating:缓和与您的健康提供者保持谨慎。

GHB可能会引起嗜睡和嗜睡。Medications that cause sleepiness are called sedatives. Taking GHB along with sedative medications might cause serious side effects. Do not take GHB if you are taking sedative medications.

Some sedative medications include clonazepam (Klonopin), lorazepam (Ativan), phenobarbital (Donnatal），唑吡坦（Ambien), and others.

The following doses have been studied in scientific research:

BY MOUTH:

• 对于睡病及其症状：睡前25 mg/kg的剂量，在3小时后重复。GHB仅应在密切的医疗监督下使用。
• For treating alcohol dependence: 50 to 150 mg/kg divided into 3 to 6 doses per day. GHB should be used only under close medical supervision.